What Is Candidate Selection in Antibody Drug Discovery?

Overview

Clinical candidate selection is a milestone decision marking a commitment to advance a therapeutic antibody candidate into clinical trials in human patients. The optimized lead molecule(s) undergoes stringent assessments that constitute the candidate selection process. At the end of this process a critical decision is made regarding whether the antibody qualifies as a clinical candidate. Core criteria include:

• Efficacy demonstration in cellular and animal models
• Animal dose responses studies to guide dosing regimen in clinical development
• Satisfactory pharmacology and PK studies
• Acceptable safety risk
• Manufacturability

Candidate selection also represents transition from early discovery to clinical development phase. During transition, candidate(s) are assessed for optimization to facilitate process development and manufacturability. This usually involves an assessment of expression or titer based on data available from the discovery process that may include data from transient expression or pools derived from stable transfection in a CHO host cell line. In transient HEK-293 systems, titers below 50 mg/L may present challenges in supplying material to enable discovery research. While there does not appear to be a direct correlation between expression titer in a transient system and titer in the subsequent stable mammalian cell line, transient expression titers below 50 mg/L would be a potential concern¹. Such expression levels would likely require close monitoring during development to ensure acceptable expression titers are achieved in stably transfected mammalian cell lines.

What Else Happens During the Candidate Selection Process?

Stability studies are carried out that include evaluation of aggregation and degradation in a preferred formulation or set of formulations. Aggregation can occur during all phases of production and controlling the levels of aggregate in the final product can be challenging. In addition to aggregation, significant degradation pathways, such as oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, and peptide bond cleavage are also evaluated early, typically at multiple temperatures^2,3. GenScript characterization services come handy in such cases.

Summary of Ab Drug Discovery

Candidate selection is the single most important discovery milestone marking the end of the discovery activities and the beginning of the clinical testing phase of an experimental drug. This decision point is reached after a comprehensive data package is assembled on the lead molecule and evaluated by a group of experts in various disciplines including discovery sciences, manufacturing, drug safety, drug metabolism, regulatory, legal, commercial, as well as clinical.

Note: Development activities include preclinical development, process development, clinical development, strategic planning, IND filing (not addressed in this handbook).

Important Challenges in Ab Drug Discovery

• Cost – takes more to develop than small molecule therapeutics⁴
• Human anti-mouse (HAMA) response^5,6
• Non-specific targeting of antigens on healthy cells
• Toxicity caused by binding to surface antigens shed into circulation
• Limitations in biological activity due to location of binding and stimulation of immune response

The previous section in this series is "Lead Selection and Optimization". To review, click here

GenScript Antibody Drug Discovery Services

You can also view our Recombinant Antibody Service Selection Guide to identify services that are the best match for your application.

References

1. Shih, H. H. in Development of Antibody-Based Therapeutics   (ed M.A; Bornstein Tabrizi, G.G.; Klakamp, S.L.) Ch. 2, 9-32 (Springer, 2012).
2. Wang, W., Singh, S., Zeng, D. L., King, K. & Nema, S. Antibody structure, instability, and formulation. J Pharm Sci 96, 1-26, doi:10.1002/jps.20727 (2007).
3. Daugherty, A. L. & Mrsny, R. J. Formulation and delivery issues for monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58, 686-706, doi:10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.011 (2006).
4. Chames, P., Van Regenmortel, M., Weiss, E. & Baty, D. Therapeutic antibodies: successes, limitations and hopes for the future. Br J Pharmacol 157, 220-233, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00190.x (2009).
5. Schroff, R. W., Foon, K. A., Beatty, S. M., Oldham, R. K. & Morgan, A. C., Jr. Human anti-murine immunoglobulin responses in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy. Cancer Res 45, 879-885 (1985).
6. Tjandra, J. J., Ramadi, L. & McKenzie, I. F. Development of human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response in patients. Immunol Cell Biol 68 ( Pt 6), 367-376, doi:10.1038/icb.1990.50 (1990).