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a Related Biological Terms:

allostasis

The altered state caused by stress, trauma, disease, aging, etc. The cumulative burden (stated in physiological, endocrinological or psychiatric terms, depending upon the context) of the shift from homeostasis to allostasis, is the allostatic load.Seeman, T.E., Singer, B.H., Rowe, J.W., Horwitz, R.I. and McEwen, B.S. (1997) Arch. Intern. Med. 157, 2259-2268

allostery

Allosteric regulation; the modification of binding or catalytic properties of a protein by binding of a regulator at a site distinct from the ligand- or substrate-binding site. allostery typically results in sigmoid kinetics. (see also heterotropic enzyme; homotropic enzyme)

allotype

A classification of immunoglobulin molecules according to the antigenicity of the constant regions; a variation that is determined by a single allele. (see also idiotype; isotype)

alpha (α)-oxidative decarboxylation

(see oxidative decarboxylation)

alpha (α)-cell

(see islet)

alpha (α)-configuration

In steroid chemistry, the orientation of substituents below the plane of the ring system, i.e. on the side opposite the angular methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, which have the β-configuration. Adjacent steroid rings may be trans-fused (the non-ring substituents are on opposite sides of the plane of the molecule) or cis-fused (the substituents are on the same side).

alpha (α)-helix

A secondary structure in proteins; the right-handed helical folding of a polypeptide such that amide nitrogens share their hydrogen atoms with the carbonyl oxygens of the fourth amide bonds towards the C-terminal end of the polymer.

alpha (α)-isomer

In sugar chemistry, the anomer that places the hemiacetal (or hemiketal) hydroxy group on the side of the pyranose (or furanose) ring opposite the non-ring carbon atom (i.e. C-6 of glucose) that is attached to the carbon whose configuration defines the sugar as having a D- or L-configuration, i.e. C-5 of glucose; thus the mirror image of a-D-glucose is a-L-glucose. For example, for the pyranose form of a-D-glucose, the C-1 hydroxy group is on the opposite side of the ring from C-6. (see also Haworth projection)

alpha/beta (α/β)-barrel

A structure common to a large group of proteins, all of which are enzymes, defined by their similar structural motif. A ring of eight parallel α)-barrel)

alpha/beta (α/β)-hydrolase fold

A structure common to a group of proteins, including esterases, carboxypeptidases and dehalogenases, that have a catalytic triad of nucleophile, histidine and carboxylate positioned on a scaffolding of eight -sheets connected by -helices. (see also topology/packing diagram)Ollis, D.L., Cheah, E., Cygler, M., et al. (1992) Protein Eng. 5, 197-211

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